Survival of transfused red blood cells from a donor with alpha-thalassemia trait in a recipient with sickle cell disease.

BACKGROUND: Post-transfusion survival of donor red blood cells (RBCs) is important for effective chronic transfusion therapy in conditions including sickle cell disease (SCD). Biotin labeling RBCs allows direct in vivo measurement of multiple donor RBC units simultaneously post-transfusion. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In an observational trial of patients with SCD receiving monthly chronic transfusion therapy, aliquots of RBCs from one transfusion episode were biotin-labeled and infused along with the unlabeled RBC units. Serial blood samples were obtained to measure RBC survival. Donor units were tested for RBC indices, hemoglobin fractionation, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme activity. For microcytic donor RBCs (MCV < 70 fL), HBA1 and HBA2 genetic testing was performed on whole blood. RESULTS: We present one recipient, a pediatric patient with SCD and splenectomy who received two RBC units with aliquots from each unit labeled at distinct biotin densities (2 and 18 µg/mL biotin). One donor unit was identified to have microcytosis (MCV 68.5 fL after biotinylation); whole blood sample obtained at a subsequent donation showed 2-gene deletion alpha-thalassemia trait (ɑ-3.7kb/ɑ-3.7kb) and normal serum ferritin. G6PD activity was >60% of normal mean for both. The RBCs with alpha-thalassemia RBC had accelerated clearance and increased surface phosphatidylserine post-transfusion, as compared with the normocytic RBC (half life 65 vs. 86 days, respectively). DISCUSSION: Post-transfusion RBC survival may be lower for units from donors with alpha-thalassemia trait, although the impact of thalassemia trait donors on transfusion efficacy requires further study.

Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Capromorelin in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta).

Nonhuman primates used in biomedical research may experience clinically significant weight loss for a variety of reasons. Episodes of anorexia (complete loss of appetite) or hyporexia (decreased appetite) can result in significant weight loss, potentially altering animal welfare and scientific studies. The FDA has approved several appetite stimulants for use in domestic species, but currently none are approved for use in NHP. Treatment of inappetence and weight loss in NHP often relies on the extralabel use of these compounds. Capromorelin is a ghrelin receptor agonist. As a growth hormone secretagogue, capromorelin increases appetite, leading to weight gain. Studies in several species have shown a positive correlation between capromorelin administration and weight gain; in 2017, an oral solution of capromorelin received FDA approval for use in dogs. We tested this solution in healthy adult rhesus macaques (n = 3 males and 3 females) for its effects on body weight and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). A control group (n = 2 males and 2 females) was used for comparison. Treated macaques received a 3 mg/kg oral dose daily for 7 d. Clinical signs were observed daily. Weights were collected before, during and at the end of treatment. Blood was drawn before, during and after treatment for measurement of IGF-1 levels and standard hematology and biochemistry parameters. Baseline-adjusted mean body weights and IGF-1 levels were significantly higher in treated as compared with control monkeys after 7 d of beginning treatment (body weight of 10.5 ± 0.1 kg (mean ± SEM) and 10.1 ± 0.1 kg, respectively; IGF-1 of 758 ± 43 ng/mL and 639 ± 22 ng/mL, respectively). Capromorelin administration was not associated with appreciable changes in hematologic and biochemical values in treated macaques. These findings suggest that capromorelin may be useful for treating inappetence and weight loss in NHP, and based on blood analysis, a 7-d course of treatment does not appear to cause acute toxicity.

Characterization of the maternal serum inflammatory profile during pregnancy according to socioeconomic status.

PROBLEM: In pregnancy, lower socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with adverse outcomes, which is partly attributed to chronic inflammation. Our study compared the maternal serum cytokine profiles in patients with low and high SES. METHOD OF STUDY: This retrospective cohort study compared maternal serum cytokine profiles between Medicaid-insured patients who delivered at an urban safety-net hospital (low SES) and privately-insured patients who delivered at a community-based academic hospital (high SES) in Atlanta, GA (n = 32-33/group). Serum samples were obtained during prenatal venipuncture from 13 to 38 weeks' gestation and the cohorts were matched by gestational age. Interferon (IFN)-γ, Interleukin (IL)-10, IL-1ß, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α were assayed from maternal serum samples using a standard ELISA assay. RESULTS: Median concentrations of IL-6, a promotor of chronic inflammation, were higher in the low SES group (0.85 vs. 0.49 pg/mL, p < .001), while median levels of IL-1ß, a potent monocyte activator, and TNF-α, a master regulator of acute inflammation, were lower in the low SES group (0.09 vs. 0.46 pg/mL, p < .001, and 1.23 vs. 1.58 pg/mL, p = .002, respectively) as compared to the high SES group. After adjusting for maternal age, obesity, hypertensive disorders, and gestational age at delivery, the differences in IL-6 and IL-1ß by SES persisted (p = .0002 and p < .0001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective cohort study, there were significant differences in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines during pregnancy for groups defined by SES, even after adjustment for confounding variables. Our data are foundational for further research to investigate SES-associated inflammation that may contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Cell-based versus corticosteroid injections for knee pain in osteoarthritis: a randomized phase 3 trial.

Various types of cellular injection have become a popular and costly treatment option for patients with knee osteoarthritis despite a paucity of literature establishing relative efficacy to each other or corticosteroid injections. Here we aimed to identify the safety and efficacy of cell injections from autologous bone marrow aspirate concentrate, autologous adipose stromal vascular fraction and allogeneic human umbilical cord tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells, in comparison to corticosteroid injection (CSI). The study was a phase 2/3, four-arm parallel, multicenter, single-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial with 480 patients with a diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis (Kellgren-Lawrence II-IV). Participants were randomized to the three different arms with a 3:1 distribution. Arm 1: autologous bone marrow aspirate concentrate (n = 120), CSI (n = 40); arm 2: umbilical cord tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (n = 120), CSI (n = 40); arm 3: stromal vascular fraction (n = 120), CSI (n = 40). The co-primary endpoints were the visual analog scale pain score and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain score at 12 months versus baseline. Analyses of our primary endpoints, with 440 patients, revealed that at 1 year post injection, none of the three orthobiologic injections was superior to another, or to the CSI control. In addition, none of the four groups showed a significant change in magnetic resonance imaging osteoarthritis score compared to baseline. No procedure-related serious adverse events were reported during the study period. In summary, this study shows that at 1 year post injection, there was no superior orthobiologic as compared to CSI for knee osteoarthritis. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03818737.

Quality of dietary macronutrients is associated with glycemic outcomes in adults with cystic fibrosis.

Objective: Poor diet quality contributes to metabolic dysfunction. This study aimed to gain a greater understanding of the relationship between dietary macronutrient quality and glucose homeostasis in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF). Design: This was a cross-sectional study of N = 27 adults with CF with glucose tolerance ranging from normal (n = 9) to prediabetes (n = 6) to being classified as having cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD, n = 12). Fasted blood was collected for analysis of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide. Insulin resistance was assessed by Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA2-IR). Subjects without known CFRD also underwent a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test. Three-day food records were used to assess macronutrient sources. Dietary variables were adjusted for energy intake. Statistical analyses included ANOVA, Spearman correlations, and multiple linear regression. Results: Individuals with CFRD consumed less total fat and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) compared to those with normal glucose tolerance (p < 0.05). In Spearman correlation analyses, dietary glycemic load was inversely associated with C-peptide (rho = -0.28, p = 0.05). Total dietary fat, MUFA, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were positively associated with C-peptide (rho = 0.39-0.41, all p < 0.05). Plant protein intake was inversely related to HOMA2-IR (rho = -0.28, p = 0.048). Associations remained significant after adjustment for age and sex. Discussion: Improvements in diet quality are needed in people with CF. This study suggests that higher unsaturated dietary fat, higher plant protein, and higher carbohydrate quality were associated with better glucose tolerance indicators in adults with CF. Larger, prospective studies in individuals with CF are needed to determine the impact of diet quality on the development of CFRD.

Characterization of the inflammatory response to COVID-19 illness in pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: Pregnant patients face greater morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 related illness than their non-pregnant peers. Previous research in non-pregnant patients established that poor clinical outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients admitted to the ICU were correlated with a significant increase in the proinflammatory markers interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10. Importantly, high levels of these inflammatory markers have also been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including spontaneous preterm birth, preeclampsia, and severe respiratory disease. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study that compared the serum inflammatory cytokine profiles of pregnant patients with acute/post-acute SARS-CoV-2 infection to those with previous exposure. All subjects in both cohorts tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies; however, those in the acute/post-acute infection cohort had a documented positive SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) result within 30 days of serum sample collection. Serum samples were obtained during prenatal venipuncture from 13 to 39 weeks' gestation and the cohorts were matched by gestational age. The inflammatory cytokines interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-10, IL-1ß, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were assayed from maternal serum using a standard ELISA assay and median cytokine concentrations were compared using the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We enrolled 50 non-Hispanic Black patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection who received prenatal care at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. Those with acute/post-acute infection (n = 22) had significantly higher concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 antibody, IL-10, IL-1ß, and IL-8, while patients with previous exposure (n = 28) had significantly higher concentrations of IL-4. There were no significant inter-group differences in medical comorbidities. Pregnant patients with acute/post-acute SARS-CoV-2 infection had significantly higher serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines as compared to those with previous exposure, suggesting that, like in the non-pregnant population, SARS-CoV-2 infection alters the levels of circulating proinflammatory markers during pregnancy. The increased levels of cytokines may contribute to the adverse obstetric outcomes observed with COVID-19 illness.

Three-year Outcomes After Conversion From Monthly to Every 2-month Belatacept Maintenance Therapy in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Maintenance immunosuppression with belatacept following kidney transplantation results in improved long-term graft function as compared with calcineurin inhibitors. However, broad application of belatacept has been limited, in part related to logistical barriers surrounding a monthly (q1m) infusion requirement. Methods: To determine whether every 2-mo (q2m) belatacept is noninferior to standard q1m maintenance, we conducted a prospective, single-center randomized trial in low-immunologic-risk, stable renal transplant recipients. Here, post hoc analysis of 3-y outcomes, including renal function and adverse events, are reported. Results: One hundred sixty-three patients received treatment in the q1m control group (n = 82) or q2m study group (n = 81). Renal allograft function as measured by baseline-adjusted estimated glomerular filtration rate was not significantly different between groups (time-averaged mean difference of 0.2 mL/min/1.73 m2; 95% confidence interval: -2.5, 2.9). There were no statistically significant differences in time to death or graft loss, freedom from rejection, or freedom from donor-specific antibodies (DSAs). During the extended 12- to 36-mo follow-up, 3 deaths, 1 graft loss occurred in the q1m group, compared with 2 deaths, and 2 graft losses in the q2m group. In the q1m group, 1 patient developed DSAs and acute rejection. In the q2m group, 3 patients developed DSAs and 2 associated with acute rejection. Conclusions: Based on the similar renal function and survival at 36 mo compared with q1m, q2m belatacept is a potentially viable maintenance immunosuppressive strategy in low immunologic risk kidney transplant recipients that may facilitate increased clinical utilization of costimulation blockade-based immunosuppression.

Antibody response, neutralizing potency, and transplacental antibody transfer following SARS-CoV-2 infection versus mRNA-1273, BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To improve our understanding of the immune response, including the neutralization antibody response, following COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study comprising patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and patients who received both doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA-1273, BNT162b2) in pregnancy recruited from two hospitals in Atlanta, GA, USA. Maternal blood and cord blood at delivery were assayed for anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG, IgA and IgM, and neutralizing antibody. The detection of antibodies, titers, and maternal to fetal transfer ratios were compared. RESULTS: Nearly all patients had detectable RBD-binding IgG in maternal and cord samples. The vaccinated versus infected cohort had a significantly greater proportion of cord samples with detectable neutralizing antibody (94% vs. 28%, P < 0.001) and significantly higher transfer ratios for RBD-specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies with a transfer efficiency of 105% (vs. 80%, P < 0.001) and 110% (vs. 90%, P < 0.001), respectively. There was a significant linear decline in maternal and cord blood RBD-specific IgG and neutralizing antibody titers as time from vaccination to delivery increased. CONCLUSIONS: Those who receive the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine mount an immune response that is equivalent to-if not greater than-those naturally infected by SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Care Continuum Outcomes After Transition to Adult Care Among a Prospective Cohort of Youth With HIV in Atlanta, Georgia.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare transition from pediatric to adult-oriented clinical settings is often viewed as a high-risk time for care disengagement. However, there is a paucity of prospective, longitudinal research documenting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care outcomes after healthcare transition. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, observational cohort study of healthcare transition among youth enrolled at an HIV care center in Atlanta, Georgia. Pediatric clinic patients (average age, 24 years) were enrolled up to 3 months before the expected transition and were followed up to determine linkage, retention, and viral suppression in adult care through electronic medical record abstractions at the baseline and at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. RESULTS: The majority of our cohort (n = 70) was male (88.6%) and black (92.9%) and acquired HIV horizontally (80%). Most of our cohort was linked to adult care by 12 months (84%) after enrollment. Of those who linked to adult care by 12 months, retention rates were 86% (95% confidence interval, 78%-94%) at 6 months, 76% (66%-86%) at 12 months, and 66% (55%-78%) at 18 and 24 months. Once in adult care, the proportion with viral suppression was stable (73% at baseline and 74%, 77%, 67%, and 78% at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Although most youth successfully linked to adult care, retention rates decreased over the 24-month follow-up period. Rates of viral suppression were stable for those who remained in care. Strategies to support retention in adult care will be critical to optimizing this transition for youth with HIV.

Complication rate of overlapping versus nonoverlapping functional and stereotactic surgery: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Overlapping surgery, in which one attending surgeon manages two overlapping operating rooms (ORs) and is present for all the critical portions of each procedure, is an important policy that improves healthcare access for patients and case volumes for surgeons and surgical trainees. Despite several studies demonstrating the safety and efficacy of overlapping neurosurgical operations, the practice of overlapping surgery remains controversial. To date, there are no studies that have investigated long-term complication rates of overlapping functional and stereotactic neurosurgical procedures. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the 1-year complication rates and OR times for nonoverlapping versus overlapping functional procedures. The secondary objective was to gain insight into what types of complications are the most prevalent and test for differences between groups. METHODS: Seven hundred eighty-three functional neurosurgical cases were divided into two cohorts, nonoverlapping (n = 342) and overlapping (n = 441). The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scale score was used to compare the preoperative risk for both cohorts. A complication was defined as any surgically related reason that required readmission, reoperation, or an unplanned emergency department or clinic visit that required intervention. Complications were subdivided into infectious and noninfectious. Chi-square tests, independent-samples t-tests, and uni- and multivariable logistic regressions were used to determine significance. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in mean ASA scale score (2.7 ± 0.6 for both groups, p = 0.997) or overall complication rates (8.8% nonoverlapping vs 9.8% overlapping, p = 0.641) between the two cohorts. Infections accounted for the highest percentage of complications in both cohorts (46.6% vs 41.8%, p = 0.686). There were no statistically significant differences between mean in-room OR time (187.5 ± 141.7 minutes vs 197.1 ± 153.0 minutes, p = 0.373) or mean open-to-close time (112.2 ± 107.9 minutes vs 121.0 ± 123.1 minutes, p = 0.300) between nonoverlapping and overlapping cases. CONCLUSIONS: There was no increased risk of 1-year complications or increased OR time for overlapping functional and stereotactic neurosurgical procedures compared with nonoverlapping procedures.

Performance of Modified ALMS and BLISS Criteria with Standard of Care Treatment in Two US Health Care Systems.

OBJECTIVE: A retrospective cohort study was undertaken in a predominantly Black population undergoing standard treatment for lupus nephritis (LN) to estimate the incidence of, and risk factors for, complete response (CR) according to modified Aspreva Lupus Management Study (mALMS) and modified Belimumab International Study in Lupus Nephritis (mBLISS) criteria by 12 months. METHODS: Patients with biopsy-proven LN class III or IV ± V, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio of ≥1gm/gm and estimated glomerular filtration rate of >50 ml/minute/1.73 m2 at the time of the incident LN flare were included. The clinical, treatment, and laboratory factors associated with CR were identified using multivariable Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 173 patients, 86.1% were women, 77.5% were Black, and over half (59.5%) had non-commercial insurance. By 12 months, 20.6% (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 14.6-28.6%) achieved mALMS CR and 33.7% (95% CI 26.4-42.4%) achieved mBLISS CR. Factors associated with mBLISS CR were commercial insurance (adjusted CR ratio = 3.5 [95% CI 1.9-6.7]; P < 0.001), albumin (adjusted CR ratio = 1.8 per 1 gm/dl increase in albumin; P = 0.02), and low C4 (adjusted CR ratio = 2.6; P = 0.03). Cumulative incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) at 3 years was 23.1% (95% CI 15.7-31.3%) and 6.1% (95% CI 2.8-11.1%) for death. Patients with non-commercial insurance were more likely to develop ESRD, with cumulative incidence of 30.4% (95% CI 19.6-41.9%) compared to 12.7% (95% CI 5.0-24.2%) for patients with commercial insurance (P = 0.024). CONCLUSION: In a primarily Black, uninsured LN population, despite achieving similar CR rates at 12 months, the incidence of ESRD and death exceeded those observed in controlled clinical trials with placebo arms.

Impact of belatacept and tacrolimus on cytomegalovirus viral load control and relapse in moderate and high-risk cytomegalovirus serostatus kidney transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Belatacept improves long-term graft survival, but control of some primary viral infections may be impaired. We evaluated the impact of belatacept and tacrolimus on cytomegalovirus (CMV) viral control, remission and relapse in CMV high-risk and moderate-risk recipients. METHODS: Using a multistate Markov model, we evaluated viral load state transitions of 173 kidney transplant recipients with at least one episode of viremia within 1 year after transplant: state 1, undetectable/low viral load; state 2, moderate viremia; and state 3, severe viremia. RESULTS: Among high-risk recipients, belatacept-treated recipients exhibited a significantly higher probability of entering moderate viremia (.36; 95% CI = .31, .41) than tacrolimus-treated recipients (.20; 95% CI = .13, .29). The expected number of days in viremic states differed. High-risk belatacept-treated recipients persisted in moderate viremia for significantly longer (128 days, 95% CI = 110, 146) than did tacrolimus-treated recipients (70.0 days, 95% CI = 45.2, 100) and showed a trend of shorter duration in low/undetectable viral load state (172 days, 95% CI = 148, 195) than did tacrolimus-treated recipients (239 days, 95% CI = 195, 277). Moderate-risk recipients showed better viral load control and with no differences by immunosuppression. CONCLUSION: High-risk belatacept-treated recipients showed defects in sustaining viral control relative to tacrolimus-treated recipients. Avoidance of initial use belatacept in high-risk recipients or development of modified management protocols should be considered.

Outcomes of pregnant patients treated with REGEN-COV during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Pregnant patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection are at increased risk for severe disease including hospitalization, intensive care admission, ventilatory support, and death. Although pregnant patients were excluded from investigational trials for pharmacologic treatments for COVID-19 illness, the National Institutes of Health treatment guidelines state that efficacious treatments should not be withheld from pregnant patients. An infusion of casirivimab and imdevimab (REGEN-COV), a monoclonal antibody therapy, was shown to reduce the risk of COVID-19-related hospitalization or death from any cause and resolved symptoms and reduced SARS-CoV-2 viral load more rapidly than placebo. In July of 2021, the Food and Drug Administration released an Emergency Use Authorization for REGEN-COV. Although pregnant persons were not included in the original trials, given the higher risk of morbidity and mortality in the pregnant population, our institution offered REGEN-COV to our pregnant patients beginning in August of 2021. Side effects after REGEN-COV administration are rare and thought to be secondary to COVID-19 rather than REGEN-COV. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to track safety and clinical outcomes in unvaccinated pregnant patients who received REGEN-COV and to compare these outcomes with those of a contemporary cohort of patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and were eligible but did not receive REGEN-COV. Our hypothesis was that REGEN-COV administration during pregnancy is safe, and that pregnant persons who received REGEN-COV would experience less severe COVID-19 respiratory illness, with decreased length of hospital stay, rates of intensive care unit admission, and need for oxygen and other COVID-19 therapeutics. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective cohort study of pregnant patients who either tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 or had a known exposure to a COVID-19-positive person, and were therefore eligible for REGEN-COV at our institution. Within this cohort, we compared those who received REGEN-COV with those who did not between March and October of 2021 at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. The main outcomes studied were perinatal outcomes, safety data, and the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS: From March to October of 2021, 86 pregnant people tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 via real-time polymerase chain reaction or had a confirmed exposure. In this group, 36 received REGEN-COV and 50 did not. There were no instances of infusion rate adjustment or discontinuation, anaphylaxis, or death among individuals who received REGEN-COV. One individual experienced worsening shortness of breath >24 hours after administration, which was classified as an infusion-related reaction. There were no significant differences in perinatal outcomes, length of hospitalization, rates of intensive care unit admission, additional pharmacologic treatment for COVID-19, or oxygen requirement between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Administration of REGEN-COV is safe in pregnancy and did not increase adverse maternal, neonatal, or obstetrical outcomes. There was not a statistically significant difference in COVID-19-related outcomes in our high-risk population. Given the likely safety of this drug in pregnancy and its known benefits in the nonpregnant population, we advocate for the continued use of this therapy and encourage the development of future studies to enroll a larger and more diverse cohort to explore its efficacy further.

Numerical Simulation of Concussive-Generated Cortical Spreading Depolarization to Optimize DC-EEG Electrode Spacing for Noninvasive Visual Detection.

BACKGROUND: Cortical spreading depolarization (SD) is a propagating depolarization wave of neurons and glial cells in the cerebral gray matter. SD occurs in all forms of severe acute brain injury, as documented by using invasive detection methods. Based on many experimental studies of mechanical brain deformation and concussion, the occurrence of SDs in human concussion has often been hypothesized. However, this hypothesis cannot be confirmed in humans, as SDs can only be detected with invasive detection methods that would require either a craniotomy or a burr hole to be performed on athletes. Typical electroencephalography electrodes, placed on the scalp, can help detect the possible presence of SD but have not been able to accurately and reliably identify SDs. METHODS: To explore the possibility of a noninvasive method to resolve this hurdle, we developed a finite element numerical model that simulates scalp voltage changes that are induced by a brain surface SD. We then compared our simulation results with retrospectively evaluated data in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage from Drenckhahn et al. (Brain 135:853, 2012). RESULTS: The ratio of peak scalp to simulated peak cortical voltage, Vscalp/Vcortex, was 0.0735, whereas the ratio from the retrospectively evaluated data was 0.0316 (0.0221, 0.0527) (median [1st quartile, 3rd quartile], n = 161, p < 0.001, one sample Wilcoxon signed-rank test). These differing values provide validation because their differences can be attributed to differences in shape between concussive SDs and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage SDs, as well as the inherent limitations in human study voltage measurements. This simulated scalp surface potential was used to design a virtual scalp detection array. Error analysis and visual reconstruction showed that 1 cm is the optimal electrode spacing to visually identify the propagating scalp voltage from a cortical SD. Electrode spacings of 2 cm and above produce distorted images and high errors in the reconstructed image. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis suggests that concussive (and other) SDs can be detected from the scalp, which could confirm SD occurrence in human concussion, provide concussion diagnosis on the basis of an underlying physiological mechanism, and lead to noninvasive SD detection in the setting of severe acute brain injury.

Interleukin-10 contributes to reservoir establishment and persistence in SIV-infected macaques treated with antiretroviral therapy.

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an immunosuppressive cytokine that signals through STAT3 to regulate T follicular helper (Tfh) cell differentiation and germinal center formation. In SIV-infected macaques, levels of IL-10 in plasma and lymph nodes (LNs) were induced by infection and not normalized with antiretroviral therapy (ART). During chronic infection, plasma IL-10 and transcriptomic signatures of IL-10 signaling were correlated with the cell-associated SIV-DNA content within LN CD4+ memory subsets, including Tfh cells, and predicted the frequency of CD4+ Tfh cells and their cell-associated SIV-DNA content during ART, respectively. In ART-treated rhesus macaques, cells harboring SIV-DNA by DNAscope were preferentially found in the LN B cell follicle in proximity to IL-10. Finally, we demonstrated that the in vivo neutralization of soluble IL-10 in ART-treated, SIV-infected macaques reduced B cell follicle maintenance and, by extension, LN memory CD4+ T cells, including Tfh cells and those expressing PD-1 and CTLA-4. Thus, these data support a role for IL-10 in maintaining a pool of target cells in lymphoid tissue that serve as a niche for viral persistence. Targeting IL-10 signaling to impair CD4+ T cell survival and improve antiviral immune responses may represent a novel approach to limit viral persistence in ART-suppressed people living with HIV.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is more prevalent in Duffy-null red blood cell transfusion in sickle cell disease.

BACKGROUND: Resistance to malaria infection may be conferred by erythrocyte genetic variations including glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and lack of Duffy antigens. In red blood cell (RBC) transfusion, G6PD deficiency may shorten transfusion survival. Because Duffy-null units are commonly transfused in sickle cell disease (SCD) due to antigen matching protocols, we examined whether Duffy-null donor RBC units have a higher prevalence of G6PD deficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pediatric patients with SCD on chronic transfusion therapy were followed prospectively for multiple transfusions. RBC unit segments were collected to measure G6PD activity and RBC genotyping. The decline in donor hemoglobin (ΔHbA) following transfusion was assessed from immediate posttransfusion estimates and HbA measurements approximately 1 month later. RESULTS: Of 564 evaluable RBC units, 59 (10.5%) were G6PD deficient (23 severe, 36 moderate deficiency); 202 (37.6%) units were Duffy-null. G6PD deficiency occurred in 40 (19.8%) Duffy-null units versus 15 (4.5%) Duffy-positive units (p < .0001). In univariate analysis, the fraction of Duffy-null RBC units per transfusion was associated with greater decline in HbA (p = .038); however, in multivariate analysis, severe G6PD deficiency (p = .0238) but not Duffy-null RBC (p = .0139) were associated with ΔHbA. CONCLUSION: Selection of Duffy-null RBC units may result in shorter in vivo survival of transfused RBCs due to a higher likelihood of transfusing units from G6PD deficient donors.

Procedural adverse events in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease undergoing chronic automated red cell exchange.

BACKGROUND: Chronic automated red cell exchange (RCE) is increasingly employed for sickle cell disease (SCD). There is a paucity of data on the incidence of RCE adverse events (AEs) and potential patient and procedural risk factors for AEs. METHODS: A retrospective review of pediatric SCD patients receiving chronic RCE over 3 years was performed to determine the frequency of AEs and identify procedural and patient AE risk factors. AE incidence, AE rate, incidence rate ratios (IRRs), and relative risks (RRs) were calculated based on various procedural and patient characteristics by univariable (UV) and multivariable (MV) analyses. RESULTS: In 38 patients receiving 760 procedures, there were 150 (19.7%) AEs, 36 (4.7%) were symptomatic AEs. AE rates were 20.2 [95% CI 17.2, 23.6] and 4.8 [95% CI 3.49, 6.70] per 100 person months for AEs and symptomatic AEs, respectively. AE incidences were: hypocalcemia (117; 15.4%), dizziness (22; 3.0%), hypotension (15; 2.0%), and nausea (14; 1.8%). Patients with baseline Hct ≥30% experienced more total AEs and symptomatic AEs. Patients with pre-procedure systolic BP <50th percentile, severe CNS vasculopathy, and non-SCA genotype (HbSC or Sß+ thalassemia) exhibited more total AEs. IHD depletion was not associated with an increased incidence of AEs or symptomatic AEs. CONCLUSION: SCD patients with Hct ≥30%, systolic BP <50th percentile, severe CNS vasculopathy, and possibly non-SCA genotype may be at higher risk for RCE-related AEs. The effect of IHD on AE risk is likely minimal. Individualized AE risk assessment should be performed in all SCD patients undergoing chronic automated RCE.

Maternal Antibody Response, Neutralizing Potency, and Placental Antibody Transfer After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize maternal immune response after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection during pregnancy and quantify the efficiency of transplacental antibody transfer. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of pregnant patients who tested positive for SARS CoV-2 infection at any point in pregnancy and collected paired maternal and cord blood samples at the time of delivery. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and neutralization assays were performed to measure maternal plasma and cord blood concentrations and neutralizing potency of immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA, and IgM antibodies directed against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Differences in concentrations according to symptomatic compared with asymptomatic infection and time from positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test result to delivery were analyzed using nonparametric tests of significance. The ratio of cord to maternal anti-receptor-binding domain IgG titers was analyzed to assess transplacental transfer efficiency. RESULTS: Thirty-two paired samples were analyzed. Detectable anti-receptor-binding domain IgG was detected in 100% (n=32) of maternal and 91% (n=29) of cord blood samples. Functional neutralizing antibody was present in 94% (n=30) of the maternal and 25% (n=8) of cord blood samples. Symptomatic infection was associated with a significant difference in median (interquartile range) maternal anti-receptor-binding domain IgG titers compared with asymptomatic infection (log 3.2 [3.5-2.4] vs log 2.7 [2.9-1.4], P=.03). Median (interquartile range) maternal anti-receptor-binding domain IgG titers were not significantly higher in patients who delivered more than 14 days after a positive PCR test result compared with those who delivered within 14 days (log 3.3 [3.5-2.4] vs log 2.67 [2.8-1.6], P=.05). Median (range) cord/maternal antibody ratio was 0.81 (0.67-0.88). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate robust maternal neutralizing and anti-receptor-binding domain IgG response after SARS-CoV-2 infection, yet a lower-than-expected efficiency of transplacental antibody transfer and a significant reduction in neutralization between maternal blood and cord blood. Maternal infection does confer some degree of neonatal antibody protection, but the robustness and durability of protection require further study.